今日小寒|你知道小寒三候吗？******
作者：杜传耀
小寒，2023年的第一个节气，是二十四节气中的第23个节气，冬季的第5个节气，干支历子月的结束与丑月的起始。斗指癸，太阳黄经为285°，于每年公历1月5-7日交节。它与大寒、小暑、大暑及处暑一样，都是表示气温冷暖变化的节气。
小寒天气特点
对于小寒，《群芳谱》有言:“冷气积久而为寒，小者未至极也。”也就是说，小寒是冷气长期积累的结果，但寒冷的程度还未到极致。在小寒时节，太阳直射点还在南半球，北半球的热量还处于散失的状态，白天吸收的热量还是少于夜晚释放的热量，因此北半球的气温还在持续降低，寒气继续积累。
从字面意思看，小寒好像是没有大寒冷。但根据长期的气象记录看，在北方地区，一般是小寒节气要比大寒节气冷，但在南方大部地区来说，是大寒节气要比小寒节气更冷。在北方地区流传着“小寒胜大寒，常见不稀罕”的说法。也就是说，在北方，小寒节气比大寒节气冷很常见，并不稀奇。中国南北地区的气候存在着较大的差异。
《望月婆罗门·元夕》中有言:“小寒料峭，一番春意换年芳。蛾儿雪柳风光。”小寒时节既是冬季的尾声，又是春季的前奏，再过半个月，即到春节。虽天地间仍是一片雪柳风光，但此时大地阳气已萌发，春暖即将悄悄来临，正所谓“冬天到了，春天还会远吗？”
小寒三候
一候，雁北乡。古人认为，大雁是一种随阴阳迁徙的候鸟。小寒节气，虽北方还是一片白雪皑皑，但它们已经感知到阴阳的顺逆变化，准备开始向北迁移。
二候，鹊始巢。此时北方到处可见到喜鹊，古人认为喜鹊能感知阴阳，识别星象，随着阳气上升，喜鹊感知到阳气，识别到星位，便开始筑巢，准备孕育后代。
三候，雉始鸲。《月令七十二候集解》记载：“雉，文明之禽，阳鸟也；雊，雌雄之同鸣也，感于阳而后有声。”古人发现，雉每年到小寒节气，就会感到阳气，雄雌同鸣。
小寒农事
我国南北跨度大，存在明显的天气差异。在北方，天气寒冷。大部分地区田间已经没有太多的农活，主要任务是在家做好菜窖、畜舍保暖，造肥积肥等工作。
在南方，天气相对暖和。要给小麦、油菜等作物追施冬肥，海南和华南大部分地区则主要是做好防寒防冻、积肥造肥和兴修水利等工作。小寒、大寒是一年中雨水最少的时段。
小寒习俗及养生
小寒节气习俗。在该节气，南京人一般会煮菜饭吃。一般是将矮脚黄青菜、咸肉、香肠或板鸭丁与糯米同煮，再配上一些剁碎的生姜，十分鲜香可口。广州人在该节气早上习惯吃糯米饭，糯米饭里面除了糯米，还会加入一些香米，并配上切碎之后炒熟的腊肠和腊肉，再点缀些香菜、葱花，吃起来特别香。
小寒节气养生。小寒节气，天气寒冷，应注意补充热量，多吃羊肉、鸡汤、鸭肉等温热食品，少食黏硬、生冷。这个时节在生活起居方面，宜早卧晚起。常言道“睡个好觉，胜过补药”，冬季昼短夜长，故应“日出而作，日落而息”。谚语有：“冬天动一动，少闹一场病；冬到懒一懒，多喝药一碗。”在冬天要多进行户外运动，呼吸新鲜空气，增强免疫力，但此时的锻炼宜以舒缓运动为主。还需特别注意对头部和手脚的保暖。外出需戴好手套和帽子，减少寒冷对头部和手的影响。小寒前后强冷空气及寒潮活动频繁，易造成温度、湿度等气象要素的剧烈变化，人们往往难以适应而爆发各种疾病，要注意防范。
作者系北京市气象探测中心（北京市观象台）高级工程师
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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